Sexual Harassment in America Essay -- Civil Rights Act

As indicated by Webster’s online word reference, it is accepted that the expression â€Å"sexual harassment† was begat at Cornell University in 1974 (Sexual provocation, 2011). The expression wasn’t, in any case, truly utilized in like manner language until the declaration of Anita Hill against Clarence Thomas in 1991. Inappropriate behavior can take a wide range of shapes and structures. As indicated by a Fox News article, the inappropriate behavior claims made by men have expanded twofold over the most recent twenty years (Sexual provocation claims, 2010). Since lewd behavior is unlawful both on a government and state level in numerous states, there are steps that an individual and business should take to forestall inappropriate behavior. On June 19, 1963, President John F. Kennedy sent a broad Civil Rights enactment recommendation to Congress (Pre 1965: occasions, 2011). This proposed enactment confronted savage restriction in Congress. Five days after the death of President Kennedy, President Johnson addressed Congress and disclosed to them that we have talked about social equality for a really long time and that the time had come to put our country’s words enthusiastically. Kennedy’s enactment confronted numerous administrative battles that constrained changes and bargains to guarantee there would be no delays in the Senate that would murder the proposition. Regardless of the entirety of the restriction, President Kennedy’s proposed Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and was set energetically the next year. The 1964 Civil Rights Act made the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, otherwise called the EEOC. One of the essential employments of the EEOC is to maintain the principles and guidelines that were spread out by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. As per the EEOC’s site page, â€Å"Title VII spreads private, most pu... ...r/shwork.asp Pre 1965: occasions prompting the formation of the EEOC. (2011). Recovered August 15, 2011, from http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/pre1965/index.html Inappropriate behavior. (2011). Recovered on July 26, 2011, from http://www1.eeoc.gov//laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm?renderforprint=1 Inappropriate behavior. (2011). Recovered on August 15, 2011, from http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Sexual%20Harassment?cx=partner-bar 0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=Sexual%20Harassment&sa=Search#922 Inappropriate behavior claims documented by men multiplied in most recent 20 years. (2010, March 04). Recovered on August 15, 2011, from http://www.foxnews.com/legislative issues/2010/03/04/sex-provocation claims-recorded men-multiplied years/ Title vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (2011). Recovered July 26, 2011, from http://www1.eeoc.gov/laws/resolutions/titlevii.cfm

Psychology and Research Essay Example for Free

Brain science and Research Essay 1. There are different techniques in mental research, both subjective and quantitative. Among them are field test, which is progressively subjective and the factual review which, as the name proposes, an exceptionally quantitative methodology. Field try is a logical strategy in explore approach where the analysts (brain research related specialists for this situation) inspect the members or the information in reality as opposed to doing the exploration in the lab, however no different, the field scientists have followed the organized approach1 in examine. Factual overview, then again is utilized to assemble quantitative data on a given subject or member in a populace. It includes measurable procedures in orchestrating information for them to be valuable data to perusers. It is important anyway that an examination seldom depends on a solitary technique alone. Customarily, it is a blend of at least two strategies to make it/the hypothesis or conflict more grounded and progressively solid. 2. With the psychosis studies and encounters of R.D. Lang, a psychoanalyst and an extreme specialist, he had the option to watch his patients without a doubt or â€Å"on field† when he built up his examination in regards to the subject (psychosis). It is a condition when an individual lost contact with this present reality. Psychosis is best depicted by expansive indicative ideas, for example, schizophrenia or bipolar issue, and that these ideas portray cerebrum illnesses that are most likely acquired. The errand of brain research and its related explores on the topic means to recognize neuropsychological variations from the norm in patients, with the expectation that these might give intimations about the etiology of the assumed mind pathology. Inside this technique, there is little degree for mental intercession, as it is expected that cerebrum sicknesses are inert to this sort of treatment. Another mental research is the insight trial of Binet or the at present advanced Stanford-Binet Scale which is one of the mentally related tests or research where measurable methodology might be applied. This technique was created containing evaluated tests arrangement, the idea of knowledge and the origination of the central characteristics of an insight test. It was initially made out of thirty things in expanding trouble, with assembled guinea pigs either as indicated by age or sex or whatever other characterization that might be applied. 3 This is the place the present IQ Tests developed. 3. When directing exploration with human members, assent and confidentiality4 are the two significant parts of the examination. Assent of the subjects ought to be gotten first to leave them alone mindful of the whole investigation and will allow them to alter and not to feel beguiled. This will likewise support the analysts and the members cooperate in congruity and will encourage the whole research process. Beside these, regard is another motivation behind why assent of the members must be acquired first. Classification, then again, will make sure about the security and respect of the subjects/members and simultaneously will ensure the dependability and sufficiency of the examination itself. All the moral concerns referenced are for the most part for the regard of human life, as an individual and all together for the brain science calling be good also. Nobody can regard the calling if consequently, it doesn't have the foggiest idea how to esteem the respect of people for the situation that the last be a member or a subject in a brain research related research.

water wars, lovecrafting, and 361 other REX events

water wars, lovecrafting, and 361 other REX events The sun is shining, the birds are singing, and the Class of 2023 is arriving on campus for their orientation, which happens contemporaneous with Residential Exploration (REX), which is part of how housing is assigned. According to MITs Dormitory Council: REX (Residence Exploration) is a fun time filled with tons of events that will help you get to know the different residential communities at MIT. For those of you who have already decided where youre going to live, REX is a great opportunity to find out about the different parts of campus that you otherwise might not get to experience. For the rest of you, REX is the perfect time to explore MITs dorms and pick the place whose culture and residents feel like the best fit for you [ed: in case you want to move via FYRE]. Most of all, REX is a time to enjoy yourself and to meet as many people as possible, freshmen and upperclassmen, and to get a feel for what MIT has to offer socially. Shuli blogged about REX the other day and you should go read that. But I also wanted to make sure everyone had a chance to browse all 363 events for themselves. Theres an online guide to all events, but since it erases the events from memory once they occur, I also wanted to upload a complete PDF, which is also embedded below. The REX guide (and i3 videos) are a great way to get a preview of what campus life is like at MIT. Take a look and post your favorite event in the comments below!

Provide Leadership Across The Organization - 1279 Words

PROVIDE LEADERSHIP ACROSS THE ORGANISATION Assessment 2 Submitted by: Your past and background I have completed the courses of CertIII, IV and Diploma of Commercial Cookery and Hospitality Management from a local reputable TAFE institute. And I have been working in an Italian restaurant in Carlton as the sous chef for the past 4 years. I have experiences in menu designing and budget controlling. Your short and long term professional goals Short term professional goals I would like to secure my current working position as the sous chef and be promoted to a head chef within the next 6 months’ time starting from June 01 2016 to December 01 2016. Long term professional goals I want to learn more skills and knowledge in menu designing, nutrition balance, dietary requirements and finance controlling within the restaurant industry area, so that in the future I can use these knowledge to open up my own restaurant using five years’ time. Opportunities that are available to you now and in future ï€ ­ Understand the company s structures, functions, and culture environments ï€ ­ Attain the basic levels of business admin, accounting and managerial technological skills ï€ ­ Establish the networks with business partners, advising groups, and local communities ï€ ­ Explore the personal and professional opportunities ï€ ­ Expand the knowledge in food production and cuisine making ï€ ­ Build relationships with expert peers ï€ ­ Mentor relationships with the senior professionals ï€ ­Show MoreRelatedNebraska Catholic Health Initiatives Is A Non Profit Organization And Faith Based Health System1334 Words   |  6 PagesA1: Description of the Organization Nebraska Catholic Health Initiatives is a non-profit organization and faith-based health system. This is a large corporate organization across the country. The reason why l chose this organization is because I am currently employed as a provider relations coordinator. 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Undoubtedly, the world is expanding rapidly, and at the same time shrinking in some aspects that have made national borders increasingly irrelevant. In fact, global expansion has been used by western leadership to increase large scale transferRead MoreLeadership Models And Organizational Culture885 Words   |  4 Pages Leadership Models Organizational Culture Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures September 7, 2016 Ethical Leadership Models Leaders that demonstrate a commitment to behaving in an ethical manner are viewed as trustworthy and subordinates gravitate toward them. Ethical leaders have a foundational belief in honesty and trustworthiness and disseminating these principles throughout the organization. This paper will present ethical leadership models as toolsRead MoreCulture Shaping Leadership : The Business World987 Words   |  4 PagesCulture-Shaping Leadership The business world has expanded globally in the 21st century. With the development of the Internet, companies can expand into new markets in a fraction of the time previously necessary. With this new global frontier, organizations have found new challenges. Culture barriers present real obstacles for building cohesive organizational structure. In order to overcome this hurdle and take advantage of the cultural diversity, the leadership must find an effective model to accommodate

Virginia Beach City Operating Budget - 1176 Words

Transit represents a little less than one-half of one percent of the Virginia Beach city operating budget. If light rail is built, only in its third year of operation will light rail and the associated inflation drive that number up to just about one-half of one percent. Virginia Beach, a resort city, is a suburban community with many environmental assets. There are green areas to the south that require protection. As the city is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Chesapeake Bay these require careful consideration for safeguarding. Virginia Beach has very little in the way of land to develop so thinking vertically is a strategic plan the city has embraced and light rail is at the heart of its future when it comes to a unified Norfolk/Virginia Beach Metro mass transit system. As previous explained in the literature review of this study, those for the extension say it will spur economic development along the designated route, help lower taxes through a wider tax base, and create additional opportunities for transit. Those against its creation argue that light rail is an old technology that is very expensive and will not stimulate economic development or move enough people to validate the cost. A purposeful analysis, will examine whether light rail will improve the quality of life for residents in Virginia Beach and if an incremental tactic in its construction is the correct way forward. Regardless if the resort city remains a fiscally sound municipality, is theShow MoreRelatedHotel Industry4982 Words   |  20 Pages| 28 | INTRODUCTION India is a great tourist destination as well as commercial hub; this makes it a most lucrative nation for a hotel business. 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Competition for Tripadvisor Free Essays

Competitor Analysis Know Your Options: TripAdvisor TripAdvisor is one of the largest travel sites with more than 40 million travelers reading and writing reviews each month. If you own or manage a hotel/accommodation, vacation rental, restaurant or attraction, you should claim or create a listing on TripAdvisor. Creating your business account will enable you to update your business details, showcase photos, promote specials and respond to guest reviews. We will write a custom essay sample on Competition for Tripadvisor or any similar topic only for you Order Now TripAdvisor also offers a wide range of marketing opportunities and content solutions you may want to explore. Competitor analysis and identification: 1. Who is our  competition? Home Away inc,- founded in February 2005 Over the years, HomeAway CEO Brian Sharples and his family rented a variety of ski and beach homes, enjoying the space, availability of a kitchen and flexibility to invite others on vacation. However, he found that finding and booking a property online in the highly-fragmented vacation rental industry was not as easy as reserving a hotel. It was out of this frustration, that he realized the opportunity to transform the vacation rental industry and build the world’s leading marketplace for online vacation rentals. HomeAway, Inc. was founded by Sharples and Carl Shepherd in February 2005. Orbitz Worldwide Inc,-Founded in 2001 Orbitz Worldwide enables travelers to research, plan and book a broad range of travel products, facilitating 1. 5 million flight searches and one million hotel searches every day. 4]  Orbitz Worldwide is a publicly traded company listed on the  New York Stock Exchange  following its initial public offering (IPO) in July 2007. Orbitz Worldwide’s largest investor is  Travelport, one of the world’s largest networks of travel brands, content and service offerings. Priceline. com Inc- Founded in 1997 Priceline. com is an Internet-based transactional service that offers products in two categories: a travel service that offers leisure airline tickets,  hotel rooms, rental ca rs, packaged vacations and cruises; and a personal  finance service  that markets  home mortgages,  refinancing  and home quity loans through an independent licensee. 2. What is the profile of our  competitors? Orbitz Worldwide, Inc. operates as an online travel company that enables leisure and business travelers to research, plan, and book a range of travel products. It provides a set of travel products, including air, hotels, vacation packages, car rentals, cruises, travel insurance, and destination services, such as ground transportation, event tickets, and tours worldwide. The company owns and operates a portfolio of consumer brands, including Orbitz, CheapTickets, ebookers, HotelClub, RatesToGo, and the Away Network, as well as corporate travel brands, such as Orbitz for Business and Travelport for Business. HomeAway, Inc. operates as an online marketplace for the vacation rental industry. It offers an extensive selection of vacation homes, privately owned residential properties, including homes, condominiums, villas and cabins, which can be rented on a nightly, weekly or monthly basis. Priceline. com Incorporated has pioneered a unique e-commerce pricing system known as a `demand collection system` that enables consumers to use the Internet to save money on a wide range of products and services while enabling sellers to generate incremental revenue. Using a simple and compelling consumer proposition – Name Your Own Price – priceline. com collects consumer demand, in the form of individual customer offers guaranteed by a credit card, for a particular product or service at a price set by the customer. . What are the business goals of our  competitors? -Orbits goal is to transform the way the world looks at travel -Home Away plans   to be part of a coalition being formed with a goal of standardizing rules governing the vacation rental market -Priceline’s   goal is to lead the industry as a world-class customer-centric company, with an infrastructure that delivers the best, personalized customer service experience is absolutely fundamental to our company’s long-term success on the Internet. 4. What market strategies are being followed by the  competition  and what is the success rate? Marketing strategy for Price line is Introduction which is the one place where you can satisfy your every need (almost every need) at your price? Be it airline tickets, hotel rooms, rental cars, mortgages, new automobiles, or even long distance calling time. 5. What are the strengths and weaknesses of our  competitors? Presented in SWOT Analysis) 6. What threats / opportunities do they pose? (Presented in SWOT Analysis) References: http://finance. yahoo. com/q/co? s=TRIP+Competitors http://www. bizjournals. com/austin/news/2013/02/25/homeaway-part-of-national-coalition. html http://essaymania. com/14492/marketing-strategy-for-priceline-com http://www. homeaway. com/info/about-us/company-info/corporate-faqs/why-founded How to cite Competition for Tripadvisor, Essay examples

The History of Semantics Essay Example

The History of Semantics Essay semantics  [Gr. ,=significant] in general, the study of the relationship between words and meanings. The empirical study of word meanings and sentence meanings in existing languages is a branch of linguistics; the abstract study of meaning in relation to language or symbolic logic systems is a branch of philosophy. Both are called semantics. The field of semantics has three basic concerns: the relations of words to the objects denoted by them, the relations of words to the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax). In linguistics, semantics has its beginnings in France and Germany in the 1820s when the meanings of words as significant features in the growth of language was recognized. Among the foremost linguistic semanticists of the 20th cent. are Gustaf Stern, Jost Trier, B. L. Whorf, Uriel Weinreich, Stephen Ullmann, Thomas Sebeok, Noam  Chomsky, Jerrold Katz, and Charles Osgood. In the linguistics of recent years an offshoot of transformational  grammar  theory has reemphasized the role of meaning in linguistic analysis. This new theory, developed largely by George Lakoff and James McCawley, is termed generative semantics. In anthropology a new theoretical orientation related to linguistic semantics has been developed. Its leading proponents include W. H. Goodenough, F. G. Lounsbury, and Claude  Levi-Strauss. In philosophy, semantics has generally followed the lead of symbolic logic, and many philosophers do not make a distinction between logic and semantics. In this context, semantics is concerned with such issues as meaning and truth, meaning and thought, and the relation between signs and what they mean. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Semantics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Semantics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Semantics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The leading practitioners have been Gottlob  Frege, Lady Welby, Bertrand  Russell, Otto Neurath, RudolfCarnap, Alonzo Church, Alfred Tarski, C. I. Lewis, Ludwig  Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, W. V. Quine, P. F. Strawson, Steven Schiffer, John Searle, H. P. Grice, Saul Kripke, Donald Davidson, and Gilbert Harman. Since the publication of the influential  The Meaning of Meaning  (1925) by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, semantics has also become important to literary criticism and stylistics, in which the way that metaphors evoke feelings is investigated and differences between ordinary and literary language are studied. A related discipline, general semantics (so called to distinguish it from semantics in linguistics or philosophy), studies the ways in which meanings of words influence human behavior. General semantics was developed by Alfred  Korzybski. The key term in Korzybskis system is evaluation, the mental act that is performed by the hearer when a word is spoken. Among the most prominent followers of Korzybski are Stuart Chase, S. I. Hayakawa, and H. L. Weinberg. Bibliography A useful introduction to general semantics is H. L. Weinberg,  Levels of Knowing and Existence  (1959) and F. R. Palmer,  Semantics  (1981). For semantics in linguistics, see S. Ullman,  Semantics  (1962) and  The Principles of Semantics  (1957, repr. 1967); N. Chomsky,  Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar  (1972); G. Leach,  Semantics  (1974); and J. Lyons,  Language, Meaning, and Context  (1981). For semantics in philosophy, see R. Carnap,  Meaning and Necessity  (2d ed. 1956); K. and A. Lehrer,  The Theory of Meaning  (1970); J. F. Rosenberg and C. Travis, ed. ,  Readings in the Philosophy of Language  (1971); and D. Davidson and G. Harman, ed. ,  Semantics of Natural Language  (2d ed. 1973). For semantics in literary criticism, see K. Burke,  A Rhetoric of Motives  (1950) and  A Grammar of Motives  (1955) and the works of W. Empson and P. Wheelwright. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ® Copyright  © 2013, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www. cc. columbia. edu/cu/cup/ Ads by Google Have You Written a Book? Talk to a Publishing Advisor. Get published now. Get our Free Guide! AuthorHouse. co. uk [pic] semantics Study of meaning, one of the major areas of linguistic study (see  linguistics). Linguists have approached it in a variety of ways. Members of the school of interpretive semantics study the structures of language independent of their conditions of use. In contrast, the advocates of generative semantics insist that the meaning of sentences is a function of their use. Still another group maintains that semantics will not advance until theorists take into account the psychological questions of how people form concepts and how these relate to word meanings. For more information on  semantics, visit Britannica. com. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Copyright  © 1994-2008 Encyclop? dia Britannica, Inc. Ads by Google 3 50 www. sharqacademy. com [pic] semantics The study of the meaning of words. Contrast with  syntax, which governs the structure of a language. See  Semantic Web  and  Systemantics. Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright  ©1981-2013 by  The Computer Language Company Inc. All Right reserved. THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher. Ads by Google High School Online Self-paced online courses help you Finish High School your way. www. aiuhs. org [pic] semantics 1. the study of the relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent 2. Logic a. the study of interpretations of a formal theory b. he study of the relationship between the structure of a theory and its subject matter c. (of a formal theory) the principles that determine the truth or falsehood of sentences within the theory, and the references of its terms Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition  © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Ads by Google egypt. dubizzle. com [pic] semant ics  [si? man ·tiks] (communications) The branch of semiotics that deals with the relations between symbols and what they stand for, and defines the meaning that is prescribed for a statement by its originator. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright  © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ads by Google www. englishforarabs. com [pic] |(theory) |semantics   The meaning of a string in some language, as opposed to  syntax  which describes how symbols may be | | | |combined independent of their meaning. | | | | | | | |The semantics of a programming language is a function from programs to answers. A program is a  closed term  and, in | | | |practical languages, an answer is a member of the syntactic category of values. The two main kinds are  denotational | | | |semantics  andoperational semantics. | | This article is provided by FOLDOC Free Online Dictionary of Computing (foldoc. org) Ads by Google StudiesInAustraliaArabic. com [pic] Warning! The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Semantics the branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of linguistic units. Semantics can also be defined as an aspect of the study of signs in semiotics or as the meaning of linguistic units. [This article will discuss linguistic semantics, that is, semantics as first defined above. ] The term â€Å"semasiology† is historically a synonym for â€Å"semantics. † In linguistic semantics, the elementary object of study consists of the three elements of the linguistic sign—especially the word—considered in their unity: the signifier, the denotatum, and the signified. The signifier is the external element, the sequence of sounds or graphic signs. It is linked with the denotatum (a signified object or phenomenon of reality) and with the referent (an object or phenomenon signified by a given linguistic unit within an utterance or by an utterance as a whole). It is also linked with the signified, which is the reflection of that object or phenomenon in human consciousness. The signified is the result of the social understanding of reality and is usually identical to a concept or mental representation. The three-way link of signifier-denotatum-signified constitutes the category of meaning and the basic unit of semantics. These tripartite units enter into regular and systemic relationships with one another. One unit may be compared to another on the basis of one of the three elements: the signified (in the case of synonyms), the signifier (in the case of homonyms), and the denotatum and referent (in the case of a special form of synonymy known as transformation or periphrasis). Synonymy, homonymy, periphrasis (transformation), and polysemy form the basis of the systemic quality in semantics. The systemic quality is manifested most clearly in relatively small groups of words that are similar in one respect (in which they are synonyms) and opposed in another (in which they are antonyms). Such groupings, which differ depending on the language, constitute structural oppositions. For example, the Russian words  ekhat  (â€Å"to go [by vehicle]†),  idti  (â€Å"to go [on foot]†)  plyt’  (â€Å"to swim,† â€Å"to go [by boat]†), and  letet’ (â€Å"to fly†) have a common feature of â€Å"human locomotion† but are opposed as regards the feature of â€Å"means of locomotion. Such features within groups are studied and described as components of meaning or semantic factors. Elementary word groups may be combined in a relationship of content, forming thematic groups and semantic and lexical â€Å"fields. † For example, all the means of expressing the concept of joy in a given language constitute the lexica l-semantic field â€Å"joy. † Linguistic semantics seeks to provide a complete description of the semantic system of a given language in the form of a thesaurus. The thesaurus vividly demonstrates that semantics preserves what results from the reflection and comprehension of the objective world in human social practice. For example, the concepts â€Å"to be,† â€Å"to have,† â€Å"time,† â€Å"form,† and â€Å"content,† which were developed in European culture, may be represented differently or not at all in other cultures. In the language of the Hopi Indians, there are no nouns of the type â€Å"spring,† â€Å"winter,† â€Å"present,† and â€Å"future†; corresponding—but not identical—concepts are expressed adverbially (for example, â€Å"when warm†). Rain† is named as an object (substance) in Indo-European languages but as a process (feature) in the American Indian language of the Hupa (literally, â€Å"it comes down†). On the other hand, the opposition of substance (â€Å"object†) and feature (â€Å"process,† â€Å"action,† and so forth) is objective and universal: every language maintains the opposition through its own means and within the framework of its own system as an opposition between noun and verb. Semantics seeks to discover and study these universal semantic categories. The polysemant is a most important object of semantic study and one of the key points in the interrelationships between system and speech (or text). It represents a complex of lexical-semantic variants, related to one another in the system as specific lexical meanings and behaving in speech as the concrete realization of these meanings. In speech or text, words also enter into elementary relationships of another type. The relationships are determined by the ability of words to combine with one another. The combinations permitted by the system of a language determine the distribution of each word relative to others. For example, the distribution will vary for the Russian words  krichat’ (vo vsiu moch’) (â€Å"to shout [with all one’s might]†),  bezhat’(vo vse lopatki) (â€Å"to run [as fast as one  can]†), pozdravliat’ (ot vsego serdtsa) (â€Å"to congratulate [with all one’s heart]†), and  naedat’sia (do otvala) (â€Å"to eat [until one can eat no more]†). The distributive analysis of meanings is a special task of semantics. The word combinations  vo vsiu moch’, vo vse lopatki, ot vsego serdtsa, and  do otvala  have the common meaning of â€Å"to the highest degree,† but the specific form used to express this meaning depends on the combining word; thus,  vo vsiu moch’  is combined with  krichat’, vo vse lopatkiwith  bezhat’, and so forth. The form of expression is therefore a function of the combination. Semantics seeks to discover and study such functions—known as lexical parameters—which allow extensive groups of words, word combinations, and sentences to be represented as systemic periphrases (transformations) of one another. The creation of a thesaurus of functions is a long-range task of semantics. When transformations are studied, the distinction between lexical semantics (the meaning of root morphemes, words, and word combinations) and grammatical semantics (the study of the meanings of grammatical forms) recedes into the background, and traditional semasiology becomes simply a part of semantics. On the other hand, the distinction between the denotatum and the referent becomes essential. Thought correspondence to the denotatum is called meaning, and thought correspondence to the referent and the reflection in consciousness of a whole situation is often called sense. Thus, the content of the term â€Å"semantics† expands and semantics acquires a new task: to study the system of such â€Å"senses. † The study is known as syntactic semantics. Semantics also studies characteristic changes in meaning that occur in the history of a language and seeks to discover semantic laws. The conceptual fund of a language is divided into that which is the common property of all members of a given society and that which is the property of science. The former includes the everyday, â€Å"naive,† or linguistic, concepts (the â€Å"immediate† meanings of words), whereas the latter includes scientific concepts and terms (the â€Å"more distant† meanings of words). An example of the difference is seen in the colloquial use of the Russian word  kapital  to mean a large sum of money and the specialized use of the term in political economy to mean capital. One general semantic law is that everyday words having features in common with scientific concepts constantly strive to merge their parameters of content with those of the scientific terms. Key cultural terms, which differ for each era, occupy a special place between everyday and scientific concepts. Such key terms include â€Å"civilization,† â€Å"revolution,† â€Å"democracy,† â€Å"science,† â€Å"technology,† â€Å"individual,† â€Å"love,† and â€Å"machine. † The meanings of a language’s everyday words and the dominant ideas of society are combined in the semantic content of these terms. In studying the development of key cultural terms and concepts of different types, the tasks of semantics coincide with those of cultural history and semiotics. Semantics emerged in the late 19th century, simultaneously in Russia (M. M. Pokrovskii) and France (M. Breal), as a historical discipline studying semantic laws. According to the aspect of the semantics of language that is taken as the basis for the discipline, various directions are distinguished. These directions include analysis of lexical-semantic variation (V. V. Vinogradov, A. I. Smirnitskii, N. N. Amosova, A. A. Ufimtseva, and D. N. Shmelev of the USSR); oppositive (componential) analysis, or semantic factoring (L. Hjelmslev of Denmark, A. Kroeber and W. Goodenough of the USA, and O. N. Seliverstova of the USSR); and the method of fields and thesauri (R. Hailing and W. Wartburg of the Federal Republic of Germany and Iu. N. Karaulov of the USSR). Among other directions are distributive analysis (R. Langacker of the USA and V. A. Zvegintsev and Iu. D. Apresian of the USSR); logical-transformational analysis based on the category of lexical parameter, or function (I. A. Mel’chuk and Iu. D. Apresian of the USSR and A. Wierzbicka of Poland); and analysis of key cultural terms (G. Matore and E. Benveniste of France and Iu. S. Sorokin and R. A. Budagov of the USSR).