Factors affecting visual acuity

Factors affecting visual acuity Factors affecting Visual Acuity Visual acuity is measured in various different ways and that is dependent on the acuity task used. However factors affecting the visual acuity have to be taken into account. Visual acuity is affected by a number of ways such as diffraction, aberrations and photoreceptor density in the eye. There are a number of other factors too, which will be discussed more in depth in this article. Other factors that affect visual acuity include: Refractive error Size of the pupil Illumination Time exposure of target Area of retina stimulated State of adaptation of the eye Eye movements These factors will be discussed in detail below. Refractive Error Refractive error is one of the important factors that affect visual acuity. Refractive error affects visual acuity depending on the correction, either Hypermetropic or Myopic or an Emmetropic eye. Visual acuity is affected depending if it causes a defocus at the retina, in the case of a Hypermetropic or myopic eye this is the case. Defocus is when fine details, sharp edges and contrast detail is blurred out. In a Hypermetropic eye, the eye is too strong so the image is focused in front of the retina causing a defocus hence affecting visual acuity. The reverse occurs with a myopic eye, as the eye is too weak, the image is focused in front of the retina therefore again causing a defocus hence affecting visual acuity. On the other hand to obtain a perfect image, image should be focused sharply on the retina. This is the case in an emmetropic eye; no defocus hence no visual acuity problem due to refractive error. Having astigmatism also affects visual acuity. A phenomenon called the oblique effect states that oblique lines are seen less accurately, meaning that visual acuity is greater when lines are orientated horizontally or vertically. This is still the case even after a perfect correction of refractive error and astigmatism. Size of Pupil Eye takes time to see things. The nerve signals take a limited amount of time to travel along the optic nerve and instigate visual awareness. Therefore the size of pupil can determine how quickly or slow a signal can be stimulated thus determining how much visual acuity is affected. Large pupils let more light pass through into the eye so stimulating the retina more. However this does have a disadvantage; it affects resolution due to the aberrations that increase in the eye due to an increase in light. Small pupils reduce optical aberrations due to less light passing through into the eye however resolutions are diffraction limited. Therefore for good visual acuity a mid size pupil of approximately 3mm to 5mm is optimal as this is a compromise between the diffraction and aberration limits. Visual acuity also decreases with age due to decrease in pupil size, so a higher level of illumination is needed in older people to improve visual acuity. Illumination For recognition tasks, visual acuity increases with illumination. However at very high illumination levels, acuity may decrease because of loss of contrast between object and its background, or reflections on the surface of the object decreasing the contrast between the background and object. Higher the contrast between the object and the background the greater the acuity is. When contrast is reduced, it becomes more difficult to read it against a darker background therefore the text need to be made larger in order for the illumination levels to be correct for good visual acuity. Illumination levels greatly affect the older generation due to many people having cataracts. The cataract becomes a source of veiling glare within the eye therefore visual acuity decreases. Time Exposure of the Target To detect a small bright spot, detection is greatly dependent on the quantity of light rather than the exposure time. However to detect a line, the acuity is proportional to the exposure time. There is no simple acuity-exposure time relationship for the resolution of the target. Area of the Retina Stimulated Visual acuity is greatest at the centre of fixation, which in this case is at the fovea. Fovea has the greatest visual acuity due to the densely packed cones, so once the image is moved away from the centre of fixation visual acuity is affected. At a distance of 5 minutes of arc from the centre of fixation, there is a loss in visual acuity. At approximately 10 minutes of arc from fixation there is about 25% visual acuity loss. This shows that our vision is most accurate at the fovea and acuity falls rapidly as we move towards the peripheral retina. Therefore in order to achieve best visual acuity we must scan our visual field to place the fovea on the area of interest and to achieve this we must have excellent oculo-motor co-ordination. State of Adaptation of the Eye Highest level of acuity is achieved if the eye is tailored to the equivalent level as the test luminance of 34cd/m2 to 34,000cd/m2. Test luminance less than 34cd/m2 will achieve to some extent, better acuity. Under photopic conditions, the high density of cones at the fovea is accountable for the high levels of acuity. Under scotopic conditions it is a little altered, due to the Aii Amacrine cells appearing to limit resolution. Maximum scotopic acuity occurs at 5-15 degrees eccentricity which is corresponding to the cell density, while peak rod density occurs at about 15-20 degrees. Eye Movements In steady eye fixation, the eyes are in constant motion; therefore moving objects are more difficult to see than stationary objects thus affecting visual acuity. Visual acuity will be greater when point of interest is constant or little movement however visual acuity will be at a great loss when object is in constant movement. Conclusion: Dynamic visual acuity is lower than Static visual acuity. Conclusion Visual acuity is measured in a number of different procedures however it is dependant on many factors. Visual acuity cannot just be taken as a figure without considering all the factors that affect it. Such as the refractive error, size of pupil, illumination, area of retina stimulated, adaptation of the eye, eye movements and time exposure of the target. Therefore without an understanding of this visual acuity cannot be taken accurately. References Atchison D. A., Smith G., and Efron N. (1979) The effect of pupil size on visual acuity in uncorrected and corrected myopia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 56:315-32 http://employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS-PUBeyeinjl.pdf http://webvision.med.utah.edu/KallSpatial.html W,Karwowski. Encyclopaedia of ergonomics and human factors. Volume 1.

Imported Medicines: A Strategic Shift in Human Thinking Essay

Internet and online businesses gradually change our lives. What used to be impossible two years ago now has turned into a matter of daily performance. With Internet, we are no longer limited in our activities and can broaden the scope of all major operations that have previously been unachievable. Healthcare and medicines are not exceptions, and where Internet works to provide us with additional opportunities for communication, we have finally been given a chance to reconsider the costs of all healthcare services and medical preparations. Online medical markets have produced an irreversible change in the structure of healthcare services and human thinking. With the advent of the new technological age and the growing globalization, customers have become more attentive to what they buy and how much they pay for it. Imported medicines purchased online offer a competitive alternative to brand-name drugs. Simultaneously, imported drugs are not always licensed and may create serious health risks. In this situation, the state should actively work to impose severe price restrictions on the major brand-name drugs and to develop effective monitoring systems with regard to the imported drugs that are sold online, to guarantee that customers are given a viable choice and are not limited in their access to quality healthcare services and medical preparations. True, the growing customer commitment to imported medicines is the result of the national pharmaceutical markets’ being largely non-regulated. Americans typically pay the highest prices for brand-name drugs because, unlike Canada and many other countries, the United States does not impose price controls on pharmaceutical companies† (Colliver). The growing number of online pharmacies reflects the misbalanced nature of the price strategies, to which present day pharmaceutical companies adhere. Despite the fact that brand-name drugs are sold with significant discounts, the majority of healthcare insurance plans does not cover them and does not make them affordable for consumers. The current economic crisis makes Americans more attentive toward their expenditures, and online pharmaceuticals offer an excellent opportunity to obtain the needed list of medical preparations for a much lower price. â€Å"If the government doesn’t get its act together, and with 47 million who are uninsured, there is a marketplace for alternative supply of some of these drugs† (Colliver). It appears that in the current system of healthcare services customers are not given any relevant choice. With the absence of price restrictions, pharmaceutical companies feel free to establish prices as high as they deem necessary, making customers seek effective alternatives elsewhere. That is why imported drugs as such, and online imported drugs in particular have caused a strategic shift in human thinking, giving people a chance to resolve their health issues at a lower cost. With the growing number of Internet users and given the cost-effectiveness of imported drugs, customers are no longer willing to stick to traditional purchasing practices and choose a technological way of resolving their health issues. More and more people realize the benefits of online pharmaceutical marketing. Many of them enjoy the freedom of choice and convenience they are offered by online pharmaceuticals. â€Å"More Americans appear willing to take a calculated risk in the absence of prescription drug coverage† (Colliver). In other words, when health and life are at stake, customer will not think twice before ordering an affordable imported medical preparation from online suppliers. For many of them, imported medicals offer the most attractive and acceptable option; that is why online companies gradually grow to cover larger shares of online markets even without any specific advertising. Unfortunately, ordering imported drugs online is not always safe. Despite the fact that technology has forever changed the direction of human thinking and has made the process of purchasing imported drugs fast and convenient, imported drugs are associated with substantial risks. Customers cannot always be confident that they buy an authentic drug from an authentic foreign manufacturer. Some Web sites hawk controlled substances without a prescription or falsely purport to get drugs from a Canadian pharmacy or other more trustworthy source. While operators try to separate themselves from such operations, it’s tough to tell the difference† (Colliver). Even if the government imposes strict limitations on pharmaceutical prices, the shift that has already occurred in customer attitudes will require time to be reversed. The problem is not in imported drugs; given the growing globalization trends, imported drugs will keep conquering larger shares of pharmaceutical markets. The problem is that for customers to purchase imported products is a matter of â€Å"no other choice†. Many of them are no longer willing to return to conventional medical practices. As a result, and taking into account that online businesses will further work to conquer the minds and spirits of the American customers, the state should develop effective monitoring systems that will impose price restrictions and will control imported drugs sold online, to provide customers with a reasonable choice and to give them another chance for recovery. Conclusion Imported drugs and Internet have produced an irreversible change in customer attitudes toward healthcare. Beyond broader access to imported medical products, customers are given an opportunity to reduce their costs and to purchase medical products in fast and convenient manner. Given the threats which imported non-licensed products may produce on human health, and taking into account the growing customer commitment to purchasing imported medicines online, it is the state’s responsibility to develop effective regulatory and monitoring strategies that will not limit customer choice but will guarantee safety of all imported medical products.

Johannes Kepler Essay - 991 Words

Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler is now remembered for discovering the three laws of planetary motion, and writing about them in books that were published in 1609 and 1619. He also did important work in optics, discovered two new regular polyhedra, gave the first mathematical treatment of close packing of equal spheres, gave the first proof of how logarithms worked, and devised a method of finding the volumes of solids of revolution. This can be seen as contributing to the development of calculus. Not only did he help the development of calculus, but he calculated the most exact astronomical tables known today. This accuracy did much to establish the truth of heliocentric astronomy, which states that†¦show more content†¦The curriculum included geocentric astronomy. This is the study of how all seven planets at the time - Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn - moved around the Earth. Their positions to the stars were being calculated by combining circular motions. This system was what worked with the current physics of the time, although there were certain difficulties. However, these astronomers, who also saw themselves as mathematicians, were content to carry on calculating positions of planets. They figured they would leave it to natural philosophers to worry about whether the mathematical figures added up to the physical ones. Kepler, however, did not take like this attitude. His earliest published work in 1956 says that people should consider the actual paths of the planets, and not just the circles used to construct them. At Tubingen, Kepler studied Greek and Hebrew as well as mathematics. Ironically, at the end of his first year Kepler got As in every subject except mathematics. It is supposed that Maestlin was trying to tell him he could do better, because Kepler was one of the select pupils that Maestlin chose to teach more advanced astronomy to. He was teaching them the new, heliocentric cosmological system that was formed by Copernicus. Kepler almost instantly accepted that the Copernican system was physically true. It seems that even in Keplers student days there were signs that his religious beliefs were notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Johannes Kepler1478 Words   |  6 PagesJohannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician who lived between 1671-1630. Kepler was a Copernican and initially believed that planets should follow perfectly circular orbits (â€Å"Johan Kepler† 1). During this time period, Ptolemy’s geocentric theory of the solar system was accepted. 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In Banville’s book about Kepler it says, â€Å"The search for knowledge everywhere encounters geometrical relations in nature, which God, in creating the world, laid out (Banville 1981, p.145).† As he pursued the answer to planetary motion, he assumed that the planets orbited the sun in a perfect circle. He tried to seek order in his chaotic lifeRead MoreWhat Is Science and Where Did It Come From?928 Words   |  4 PagesCopernicus worked on a heliocentric model- where the Earth is simply one of several planets, which orbit the sun. The next man we come to be Johannes Kepler, who contributes the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler studied the orbits of the planets and sought to discern some grand scheme that defined the structure of the universe according to simple geometry. Kepler also put together three laws of planetary motion: first, the planets rotate in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the centers. The

Pbs Breaking The Silence Essay - 823 Words

â€Å"To win custody of the kids, over and against the mothers will, is the ultimate victory, short of killing the kids, that is the best way to hurt her.† (Joan Meier, J. D., 2005 Documentary PBS: Breaking The Silence, Children’s Stories) All over America, battered women are losing custody of their children to the abuser. Mistakenly as they told by media, society, television ads telling them they do not have to live with abuse or torture. That there is a way out, and they are not alone. This is not true, and if by some chance she does mistakenly make it out, she will be punished excoriatingly by the very systems designed to protect her and her children – for decades. She will be thrown into a world far worse than the one she left, she will be ridiculed, jailed, diminished and end up bankrupt, desolate, and she will never see her children again. There is nowhere for her to turn. She has no rights to anything, no civil rights and her most basic human rights to life, her children, to be free of torture are nonexistent. It is like the holocaust, it is right in front of everyone, yet no sees it. No one believes it. No one cares. Most certainly, no one will talk to her. The role of â€Å"gender† in intimate partner abuse (IPA) perpetration and victimization has been debated for the last several decades. Two perspectives have emerged regarding this debate. researchers from the gender neutral/family violence perspective argue that men and women are violent at near equalShow MoreRelatedLee Harvey And The Assassination Of Jfk2462 Words   |  10 PagesCommission. However, thanks to modern technology the single bullet theory can be proven accurate. Animation of the Zapruder film (Peter Jennings Reporting: The Kennedy Assassination - Beyond Conspiracy) and recreations of the shots fired (HD Documentary PBS Nova Cold Case JFK Assassination HD) both help to tell the same story. One bullet hit both Kennedy and the governor, which gave the shooter time to fire a third shot, eliminating the need for a second gunman. All shots were fired from the same locationRead More The Family Circuit Essay2712 Words   |  11 PagesThe Family Circuit A mother is doing laundry while her infant sleeps soundly in the room upstairs. She is mid-fold when a cry pierces the silence. She looks over at the baby-cam monitor and sees that her child is in his crib. She reads the dials on the side of the monitor: Vital Signs: normal. Diaper moisture level: 0. Minutes since last feeding: 136. Sighing, she reaches over and clicks three buttons, and resumes her work. Upstairs the crib starts to rock gently, as a nearby stereo plays a recordingRead MoreLeaders Are More Powerful Role Models When They Teach2116 Words   |  9 PagesThe workers were also treated very poorly and were withheld from their food supplies if they rebelled for higher pay. According to the PBS article â€Å"The Chinese Workers’ Strike† (2016), in the month of late June, the Chinese workers rebelled against the railroad company in hopes of earning $40 per month before changing it to $45 with non-violence tactics and silence. The workers were cut off from their supplies for a week before they allowed the option to get back to work with a fine, or not be paidRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagespeople (e.g., from different business functions, organizations, industries, geographies, etc.) to ï ¬ nd and reï ¬ ne new ideas. 100092 01 015-040 r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:56 AM Page 39 39 The DNA of Disruptive Innovators 12. I excel at breaking down a goal or plan into the micro tasks required to achieve it. 13. I attend conferences (on my areas of expertise as well as unrelated areas) to meet new people and understand what issues are facing them. 14. I pay careful attention to detailsRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesfundamental design principles associated with traditional organizations. Projects are unique, one-time efforts with a distinct beginning and end. Most organizations are designed to efficiently manage ongoing activities. Efficiency is achieved primarily by breaking down complex tasks into simplified, repetitive processes, as symbolized by assembly-line production methods. Projects are not routine and therefore can be like ducks out of water in these work environments. With this in mind, we will start the discussionRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesmain qualities even technical? Or does it belong to the arsenal of ideological management tools, something to inXuence the language and thinking of organizational members? The BSC, like other control concepts, remains silent on those questions. This silence can be debilitating for a management concept b ecause it leaves it to the imagination of practitioners how they might Wt into a living and breathing organization and, therefore, what one can really do with them. They remain nice ideas with unspeciWed

External Environment Analysis - 1774 Words

CHAPTER TWO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Understand the processes for an environmentally conscious organization. 2. Know the importance of SWOT analysis in analyzing both external and internal environment. 3. Understand the different segments of the external environment known as the general environment. 4. To find out how the strength of the company’s competitive forces are congruent with the industry’s through the five-forces model of industry competition. 5. To understand the relevance of benchmarking in evaluating company’s performance as against competitors. INTRODUCTION: Companies must be responsive to the external business environment. Knowledge about the†¦show more content†¦5. Technological. Information technology, robotics, microelectronics, ergonomics, genetic engineering, computer-aided design, pollution, global warning, invention of smart gadgets are some of issues under this segment. 6. Global segment. 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Overpopulation of Animals Free Essays

string(24) " them a verbal warning\." Millions of companion animals are being euthanized by animal shelters each year nationwide. One might ask why this is. Is there any one person or persons that is responsible for the over population of animals going to our local shelters? These are all questions that need to be answered. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation of Animals or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we as the general public want to start tackling these problems, we need to gain further understanding of how and why these problems are created in the first place. As with every topic there are always two sides to every story. This topic is no different. The different voices and opinions vary as much as the different types of breeds of animals. First you have the authority group, like that of your local animal shelters and humane societies. These groups agree primarily on the idea that yes, animal over population is a huge problem, and that spaying and neutering is the number one way to stop domesticated animals from creating more and more offspring. The second solution that many of the authority groups share is the fact that pet owners are not always as informed as they should be about the amount of time, attention, and money it actually takes to properly care for an animal. While speaking with Dr. Joseph Hoelzle, a local veterinarian of 32 years in Cave Junction, OR, he definitely agrees that animal over population is a HUGE problem. He is presented daily with animals that have been lost or abandoned. Dr. Joe and his staff only have a small facility, so when they do receive dogs and cats at their door step, they are very limited in the options they have. If an animal is very sick or injured they have the legal right to euthanize. Otherwise if the animal in question is a dog they have to call the local animal shelter, as they do not have the facilities to facilitate dogs. Cats on the other hand, they can do more with. Dr. Joe and his staff can house them longer and try and find homes for them. When asked his opinion on whether or not he thought the public is lacking in education on the actual amount of responsibility it takes to take care of animals, his response was yes, definitely. Take horses for example, people see horses and how pretty they are and decided to bring one home. If you have never owned a horse before, or have never even been exposed to horses and how to take care of them, then you have no clue how much work it actually takes to maintain one. † Dr. Joe went on to say that the average size dog that is in good health takes approximately $10,000 a year to properly care for them. The first step when making any decis ions on obtaining an animal, no matter what type or breed, is always research. Research how big they will be, what types of health problems are prone to those specific animals, do they require a lot of maintenance, are they high in energy, and so forth. Another interview that was conducted was with Marci, from the Josephine County Animal Shelter in Grants Pass, OR. Not knowing how far out the animal shelter was from my location, I made sure to leave with plenty of time to find the shelter as well as be early for the actual interview its self. As I was sitting out front of the animal shelter waiting for my interview to be had, I can hear all the barking and howling of all the dogs. Through their sad cries you can hear the yearning in their voices to just be loved. This is just one of the many reasons I absolutely love dogs. Although they are locked in â€Å"jail† not know what their final destination might be, they still greet everyone with a smile, and a wagging tail, faithful to the end. The first question to break the ice that I asked Marci was, do you like your job. Marci says she absolutely loves her job and would not change anything she does daily that she is somewhat of an adrenalin junkie. This job is a very rewarding job, frustrating at times but very rewarding. You get the chance to make a difference, a difference with not only the animals that you receive or rescue, but also with the community. † Life as an officer of the animal shelter can be very challenging at times. Some of the challenges they face on a regular basis is a lack of support, a huge lack in funding, lack of man power, and a lack of the proper equipment. They do not have all the fancy equipment that is seen in magazines, or on the popular TV. show on Animal Planet, Animal Police. Marci goes on to state, â€Å"We do not even have the proper funding right now to obtain something as simple as ramps for our trucks. † According to Brad Tally, the animal control supervisor for the Josephine County Animal Shelter, there Annual budget is $400,000. The shelter only receives a total of $75,000 from general funding. The shelter themselves are responsible for raising the remaining balance of $325,000 themselves. They do this through fundraising, donations and the funds they receive from pet owners licensing their pets. Marci explains that it is an Oregon state law that a dog is licensed. Oregon does not recognize cats. If an animal control officer is called out to a residence for something like a disturbance call, and they realize that the dog is not licensed, the owner can be fined for the cost of the original license plus an added thirty dollar penalty fee. If the owner is still not compliant within 30 days of the citation, they can be fined again with a $360 dollar citation. â€Å"We would rather not issue citations; we would rather try and cut the owners a break by giving them a verbal warning. You read "Overpopulation of Animals" in category "Papers" Marci’s thoughts on animal overpopulation and a productive method of reducing the number of animals producing offspring’s that potentially have no homes to go to, are similar to those of Dr. Joe. She says that the overpopulation of domesticated animals can be stopped by spaying and neutering. That there are a lot of programs out the re that can and will help with the cost of the procedures. â€Å"If every pet owner decided to get their animals spayed or neutered, the number of animals being picked up and dropped off would decrease significantly. One incentive that is already in place statewide is that, if a pet owner does get there dogs fixed the cost of the licensing is also reduced. The cost goes from thirty five dollars down to eighteen dollars. Another issue Marci raised that contributes to the overpopulation problem was the fact that there are â€Å"back yard† breeders that breed dogs for money. â€Å"They are not breeding their pure bred with another type of pure bred to better the breed; they are breeding these dogs just to gain money. They have no actual intention on ever doing anything with these dogs; they merely do this out of pure greed. An opposing view point to this statement taken from CQ Researcher: America’s Pampered Pets, By Mary H. Cooper Volume 6, issue 48, Para. 29 states that: AKC breeders argue that because their dogs are healthy a nd properly groomed, their rights to bred animals should not be taken away. When Marci was asked about the disturbing fact that millions of animals are being euthanized each year in American shelters and whether or not this was true, her response was actually rather positive. She was able to leave a since of hope, in my now saddened realities. Marci stated that their rates of euthanasia have dropped considerably. That the shelter has started looking for other means of dealing with their animals other than turning directly to euthanizing. Each year animal shelters nationwide receive what is known as â€Å"throw away pets†. What exactly are throw away pets? Picture this; you’re out one day driving around with the family, and all of a sudden you see one of those handmade signs that read â€Å"Free Puppies†. So you decided to pull over†¦ you walk up to see all the adorable puppies, wagging their tails and looking at you with those big innocent eyes. You and the family take one home, not really knowing much about the puppy, let alone its breed. And before you know it, this cute little adorable puppy has turned out to be way more work than you or your family had initially anticipated. So with not wanting to continue to keep up with the daily responsibilities of owning the dog, you decided to take it to the local animal shelter in hopes that it will find a â€Å"better home†. This is where the term â€Å"throw away† dogs comes from. Sadly enough, this is what Marci and the others at the Animal shelter see on a daily basis. The general procedure that is followed when a new animal is received differs from cats to dogs. The first step is the initial paperwork that is involved, getting them â€Å"logged into jail†. After they have done the paper work one of the first things they do is scan the animal in hopes to find a microchip. (Microchips are tiny chips surgically implanted into a dog or cats skin that contains all of the owners contact information. ) If there is not a microchip present and the dog does not have any type of licensing information on them, then the dog is held for seventy two hours. During the holding period the dog is kept in the back kennels away from potential adoptees. A lost and found book is gone through to make sure that the dog in question has not already been called in as lost. If in the seventy two hour period the dog is still not claimed, they perform a temperament test. If the dog passes the temperament test, then they are eligible for adoption. The other means of handling stray dogs other than euthanasia, mentioned earlier in the paper, that the shelter turns to are working with other programs as well as other counties. Some of the programs they work with are PAWS and Dogs for the Deaf. The other county they work with to place dogs into forever homes is Jackson County. PAWS is a non-profit animal shelter located in West Linn, Oregon. According to their website located at www. pawsanimalshelter. org, Since we opened our doors on June 6, 1999, we have found homes for over 1,000 cats, 45 dogs, 1 rabbit, 2 turtles, 1 pigeon, and a miniature horse. According to the website www. dogsforthedeaf. org, Dogs for the Deaf rescue dogs from animal shelters throughout Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California. We choose dogs that are people friendly, confident, and motivated by toys, treats, and affection. We rescue, train, and place 30-40 dogs annually. The dogs are trained with positive reinforcement and lots of love. When asked Marci’s opinion on the lack of public information, and whether or not this could be one of the factors that is contributing to the overpopulation of animals in animal shelters, her response was, â€Å"As far as public information, that is something we do, but with the lack of man power and time we have, this is something that we cannot do enough of. There are only two actual officers working out of the Josephine County Animal Shelter, Marci and her partner Bill. Between the two of them they are expected to answer to every single call placed out of Josephine County. This area is roughly from the California border, to the Glendale off ramp, out to the Applegate area. This is where the lack of man power comes into play. An article in the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, (Beyond Overpopulation: A comment on Zawistowski et al. and Salman et al. By: Fehell, Lee Anne, 1999 Vol. , Issue 3. Para. 24) Brings up yet another reason as to why animals start to stack up in animal shelters. â€Å"The general public more times than not are detoured away from their local animal shelters due to the common knowledge that pets is killed at the site. They do not want to be made feel guilty or responsible for that animal’s life if they do not pick that certain one to bring home. † Getting a new animal is and welcoming that animal into your home is supposed to be an exciting joyous event, not something that is associated with death or defeat. Although there is a majority of people who would rather obtain a dog or cat from someone they know rather than going to a shelter and possibly taking home an animal that they were not a hundred percent set on, there is also a large majority of people who feel the complete opposite. They would rather go to the local animal shelter and possibly save that cat or dogs life. This in my opinion gives these individuals a sense of accomplishment. Here is a poem about just that. How to cite Overpopulation of Animals, Papers

Setting can often reflect the underlying ideas in a play Essay Example For Students

Setting can often reflect the underlying ideas in a play Essay Any play has as much visual content as the aural content. This being said, the setting is essential for any audience to pay heed to all the happenings of a play. The unity of place is one that is intrinsic in any play. A play should not compress geography; the stage throughout the play must represent only one location. Setting reflects the time period, and the nature of society. It reveals the nature of the primary characters, as the environment they are in can alter their actual responses. For example, in an environment which is isolated protagonists often soliloquize, expressing their emotions. Setting can also be intermittent into the plot, as the usage of props on stage causes the plot twists, such as escape, suicide and, murder. The opening scene of a play is the initial introduction of the setting to the audience. It is usually done with grandeur as the audience is impertinent. A Dolls House by Ibsen commences with A room furnished tastefully but not extravagantly, this line itself reflects the financial status of the family. In Sophocles Antigone however begins his play in open place This somehow reflects the freedom of thought that is felt by Antigone as she expresses her opinions which reek of controversy. The time at which the play is introduced is also mentionable as an axis of the play could be the season, or the unsettling situations which envelope the period portrayed. A porter who is carrying a Christmas tree is one of the initial actions of the play, the Christmas tree, obviously symbolizes the season of giving and ironically happiness which is also hinted at when Nora shortly after generously lets the Porter keep the change there is also a mention of winter. At dawn when the sun is at its peak co uld elevate the friction that is noticed between two primary characters. The introduction of a primary character is essential to the first scene of a play. Sophocles Antigone witnesses the introduction of two characters to the setting of the gates of the palace of Thebes. This palace is the setting of the play. There is presentation of a dialogue amongst two sharply differentiated characters and there is information that is gained through their exchange. In A Dolls House Ibsen introduces the protagonist of the play in a seemingly average setting, which also symbolizes her normal life. As the plot twists however the setting is also altered, after the initial exchange with Krogstad, the setting now becomes more unnerved, The Christmas tree with burned down candle on its disheveled branches. The burned down candles does depict passage of time. The first scent of Noras escape is sensed as she is alone in the room and even goes to the extent of stops by the sofa and takes up her cloak. This might be an ominous note to her departure by the end of the play. Whereas, in Antigone the play moves along with the exact same setting and that is the palace of Thebes. Any offstage action is brought to the knowledge of the audience by a messenger or secondary character. Like the death of Antigone, even though that is perhaps the most important twist in the plot, the audience fails to see it. It is because the enormity of the tragedy is felt so greatly that there is no need to bring her on stage. This would also be related to the unity of place. Most plays have conflict, some to a much larger extent than others but conflict is essential to maintain the suspense in the play. The setting also at times represents conflict. The table has been placed in the middle of the stage with chairs around it. The table could represent the decision changing conversation that was going to occur shortly after with Mrs. Linde and Krogstad. Every now and then she listens intently for a sound at the outer door. This would be important as the audience can then expect the arrival of Krogstad once again to the house, perhaps this time his temperament would vary greatly. The story of Antigone has conflict that arises much before the actual acting of the play; the audience accustomed to drama would ideally know that the state of Thebes in all tragedies is in a very worrying situation.